Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2013 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 8 Articles
In the present study the samples Kappaphycus alwarezii were collected Mandapam region, Gulf of Mannar Coast. In this study Diethyl ether Extract, Acetone, Methanol, Ethanol solvents were used and against bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, B. subtilis and S. aureus. The present study was carried out the antibacterial activity four extracts were used. Among the four extracts maximum was inhibited ethanol extract and minimum in methanol extract. The Kappaphycus alwarezii in useful sources anti microbial agents....
The antibacterial activity of organic solvent extracts of three marine cyanobacterial species viz., Spirulina subsalsa, Phormidium tenue, Oscillatoria salina showed activity in inhibiting the growth of four bacteria pathogens. The results revealed that the maximum inhibition was chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were active against most of the pathogens whereas methanol extracts were minimum inhibition active against bacterial pathogen....
Background: With the increasing number of GMOs on the global market the maintenance of European GMO\r\nregulations is becoming more complex. For the analysis of a single food or feed sample it is necessary to assess\r\nthe sample for the presence of many GMO-targets simultaneously at a sensitive level. Several methods have been\r\npublished regarding DNA-based multidetection. Multiplex ligation detection methods have been described that\r\nuse the same basic approach: i) hybridisation and ligation of specific probes, ii) amplification of the ligated probes\r\nand iii) detection and identification of the amplified products. Despite they all have this same basis, the published\r\nligation methods differ radically. The present study investigated with real-time PCR whether these different ligation\r\nmethods have any influence on the performance of the probes. Sensitivity and the specificity of the padlock\r\nprobes (PLPs) with the ligation protocol with the best performance were also tested and the selected method was\r\ninitially validated in a laboratory exchange study.\r\nResults: Of the ligation protocols tested in this study, the best results were obtained with the PPLMD I and PPLMD\r\nII protocols and no consistent differences between these two protocols were observed. Both protocols are based\r\non padlock probe ligation combined with microarray detection. Twenty PLPs were tested for specificity and the\r\nbest probes were subjected to further evaluation. Up to 13 targets were detected specifically and simultaneously.\r\nDuring the interlaboratory exchange study similar results were achieved by the two participating institutes (NIB,\r\nSlovenia, and RIKILT, the Netherlands).\r\nConclusions: From the comparison of ligation protocols it can be concluded that two protocols perform equally\r\nwell on the basis of the selected set of PLPs. Using the most ideal parameters the multiplicity of one of the\r\nmethods was tested and 13 targets were successfully and specifically detected. In the interlaboratory exchange\r\nstudy it was shown that the selected method meets the 0.1% sensitivity criterion. The present study thus shows\r\nthat specific and sensitive multidetection of GMO targets is now feasible....
The gene encoding Schizophyllum commune glucuronoyl esterase was identified in the scaffold 17 of the genome, containing two\r\nintrons of 50 bp and 48 bp, with a transcript sequence of 1179 bp. The gene was synthesized and cloned into Pichia pastoris\r\nexpression vector pGAPZa to achieve constitutive expression and secretion of the recombinant enzyme in soluble active form.\r\nThe purified protein was 53 kD with glycosylation and had an acidic pI of 3.7. Activity analysis on several uronic acids and their\r\nderivatives suggests that the enzyme recognized only esters of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid derivatives, even with a 4-nitrophenyl\r\naglycon but did not hydrolyze the ester of D-galacturonic acid. The kinetic values were Km 0.25 mM, Vmax 16.3 �µM�·min-1, and kcat\r\n9.27 s-1 with 4-nitrophenyl 2-O-(methyl 4-O-methyl-a-D-glucopyranosyluronate)-�Ÿ-D-xylopyranoside as the substrate....
and reduce disease severity in preclinical models of short bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Teduglutide, a\r\nrecombinant human GLP2 variant (GLP2-2G), has increased half-life and stability as compared to the native GLP2 peptide,\r\nbut still requires twice daily dosing in preclinical models and daily dosing in the clinic. The goal of this study was to produce\r\nand characterize the preclinical pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties of GLP2-2G-XTEN, a novel, long-acting form of\r\nGLP2-2G.\r\nMethodology and Results: A GLP2-2G-XTEN fusion protein with extended exposure profile was produced by genetic fusion\r\nof GLP2-2G peptide to XTEN, a long, unstructured, non-repetitive, hydrophilic sequence of amino acids. The serum half-life\r\nof GLP2-2G-XTEN in mice, rats and monkeys was 34, 38 and 120 hours, respectively. Intestinotrophic effects were\r\ndemonstrated in normal rats, where GLP2-2G-XTEN administration resulted in a significant increase in both small intestine\r\nweight and length. Efficacy of the GLP2-2G-XTEN protein was compared to that of GLP2-2G peptide in a rat Crohn�s disease\r\nmodel, indomethacin-induced inflammation. Prophylactic administration of GLP2-2G-XTEN significantly increased the\r\nlength, reduced the number of trans-ulcerations and adhesions, and reduced the TNFa content of the small intestine. GLP2-\r\n2G-XTEN demonstrated greater in vivo potency as compared to GLP2-2G peptide, and improvement in histopathology\r\nsupported the GLP2-2G-XTEN treatment effects.\r\nConclusions and Significance: GLP2-2G-XTEN is intestinotrophic and demonstrates efficacy in a rat Crohn�s disease model\r\nrequiring a lower molar dose and less frequent dosing relative to GLP2-2G peptide. Allometric scaling based on\r\npharmacokinetics from mouse, rat and monkey projects a human half-life of 240 hours. These improvements in preclinical\r\npharmacokinetics and dosing indicate that GLP2-2G-XTEN may offer a superior therapeutic benefit for treatment of\r\ngastrointestinal diseases including Crohn�s disease....
This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potential of Nelsonia canescens leaf. Methanol extract of Nelsonia canescens leaf was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains, extract (5, 25, 50, 100, 250 μg/ml dilutions) using agar disc diffusion method. against two gram positive S. aureus, S. pyogenes, two gram negative- E. coli, P. aeruginosa human pathogenic bacteria and three fungal strains- A.niger, A. clavatus, C. albicans respectively. A zone of inhibition of extract was compared with that of different standards like Ampicilline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and Nystain and Greseofulvin for antifungal activity. The extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activities comparable with that of standard against the organisms tested. The results showed remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth against the tested organisms....
Rabies virus a zoonotic disease causing >55 million annual deaths. 5 generations for the development of rabies vaccine for both animal and human uses were developed. In low income countries it is essential to develop the cell culture vaccine to substitute the traditional goat brain vaccine for its severe dangerous adverse events recorded by the WHO. Mass production is money costing so maximizing productivity throughout the theutical formulation of vaccine is a matter to concern regarding the immune response and the biological changes are considered. Rabies vaccine was prepared by enhancing propagation of Rabies virus in Vero cells. Harvests were clarified; concentrated by hollow fibre cartridge and inactivated using β-propiolactone (BPL) as a more safe and has a fast inactivating potential. ED50 inactivated vaccine was evaluated using mice inoculation assay (MIA) and then loaded on 2 different vaccine delivery vehicles namely Alum and calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CPN) and Alum. Immune responses, pathological events and physiological changes were monitored. BPL showed fast inactivation potentials for rabies virus within 2 hrs and depletion rate was 1.8 log10/15 min and related ED50 was with accordance to WHO recommendations (>2.5 IU/dose). Humoral and cellular immune responses were monitored revealing a time and route of administration dependence and the Ab and IFN-γ and IL-10 peaking was on the 3rd week and 96 hrs post immunization respectively. Histopathological changes were detected in liver, kidney but not the spleen. Additionally, traceability of accumulated Al and Ca ions in liver and brain tissues were not significantly changed than control group. It can be concluded that CPN is a promising vaccine vehicle than the current used Alum. It has good antibody stimulation potentials. As well as the least and short durative pathological changes and its degradability as a cell content is reduced. As well as its accumulation rate that enhance biological and histological status of different organs is decreased....
Diabetes mellitus is chronic metabolic syndrome. Type1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells, also it is associated with insulin resistance. Present ways for management of diabetes i.e. oral hypoglycemic agents & insulin therapy are unable to irradicate diabetes completely. Also these therapies have several drawbacks. Stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human diseases. Stem cells are characterized by ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division into diverse range of specialized cell types. Recent advances in stem cell biology raise possibility of complete cure of diabetes by pancreatic transplantation. Replaced β-cells can act as effectively as normal islet cells. Therefore β-cell replacement may emerge as potential therapy for both type 1 & type 2 diabetes with minimal side effects. This review highlights the recent developments taking place in stem cell therapy for diabetes....
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